Blog

Unlock Your Investment Journey: Open a Free Demat Account
Ready to dive into the Indian stock market? Learn how to open a free Demat a/c today and start investing in shares, IPOs, mutual funds & more. Secure your finan

Ready to dive into the Indian stock market? Learn how to open a free Demat a/c today and start investing in shares, IPOs, mutual funds & more. Secure your financial future now!

Unlock Your Investment Journey: Open a Free Demat Account

What is a Demat Account and Why Do You Need One?

In today’s digital age, holding physical share certificates is a thing of the past. A Demat account, short for Dematerialized Account, is an electronic repository where your shares and other securities are held in digital form. Think of it as a bank account for your investments. It’s mandatory for anyone looking to trade or invest in the Indian stock market, regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

Here’s why you absolutely need a Demat account:
- Ease of Trading: Buy and sell shares seamlessly online through platforms linked to your Demat account.
- Secure Storage: No more worries about losing or damaging physical certificates. Your holdings are safely stored electronically.
- Direct Credit: Dividends, bonus shares, and rights issues are directly credited to your Demat account.
- Simplified Transfers: Transferring shares is quick and easy, without the cumbersome paperwork of the past.
- Investment in Various Securities: A Demat account allows you to invest not only in equities but also in Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), mutual funds, Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs), and even government bonds.
The Benefits of Opening a Free Demat Account

Many brokerage firms in India now offer the option to open a Demat account for free. While some may charge account maintenance fees (AMCs) later, the initial setup is often without cost. Here are the advantages of opting for a free Demat account:
- Cost-Effective Entry: Eliminate the initial hurdle of account opening charges, making investing more accessible, especially for beginners.
- Explore Different Brokers: Try out the platforms and services of different brokers without incurring significant upfront costs.
- Focus on Investing: Save money on account opening fees and allocate those funds towards actual investments in the equity markets.
- Accessibility: Makes investing more accessible to students, young professionals, and anyone new to the stock market.
Key Features to Consider When Choosing a Demat Account Provider

Not all Demat accounts are created equal. When selecting a provider, consider these important factors:
- Brokerage Charges: Understand the brokerage fees for buying and selling shares. Some brokers offer fixed brokerage plans, while others charge a percentage of the transaction value.
- Account Maintenance Charges (AMC): Check the annual maintenance charges. Some brokers offer free AMCs for the first year or waive them altogether under certain conditions.
- Trading Platform: Evaluate the user-friendliness and features of the broker’s trading platform (website and mobile app). Look for features like real-time market data, charting tools, and order execution speed.
- Customer Support: Assess the quality of customer support. Is it readily available via phone, email, or chat? Prompt and helpful support is crucial when you encounter issues.
- Research & Analysis: Does the broker provide research reports, market analysis, and investment recommendations? This can be valuable, especially for beginners.
- Depository Participant (DP): The Demat account is held with a Depository Participant (DP), which is an agent of either the Central Depository Services Limited (CDSL) or the National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL), the two central depositories in India. Ensure the broker is a registered DP with either CDSL or NSDL.
- Reputation & Reliability: Choose a broker with a good reputation and a proven track record. Read reviews and compare ratings before making a decision.
Step-by-Step Guide to Opening a Free Demat Account Online

Opening a Demat account online is a straightforward process. Here’s a step-by-step guide:
1. Choose a Broker: Research and select a broker that meets your needs and offers free Demat account opening. Compare brokerage charges, platform features, and customer support. Consider established brokers like Zerodha, Upstox, Angel One, and Groww, among others.
2. Visit the Broker’s Website or App: Go to the broker’s website or download their mobile app. Look for the “Open Demat Account” or similar option.
3. Fill Out the Online Application Form: Provide your personal details, including your name, address, date of birth, PAN card number, and Aadhaar card number.
4. e-KYC Verification: Complete the e-KYC (Know Your Customer) process, which involves verifying your identity and address online. This typically requires uploading scanned copies of your PAN card, Aadhaar card, and a cancelled cheque.
5. IP Verification: The IPV (In-Person Verification) is now often done online via video call. The broker’s representative will verify your identity and documents over a video call.
6. Bank Account Details: Provide your bank account details, including the account number, IFSC code, and branch name. This account will be linked to your Demat account for fund transfers.
7. Review and Submit: Review all the information you have provided and submit the application form.
8. Account Activation: Once your application is verified, the broker will activate your Demat account. You will receive your account details (client ID and password) via email or SMS.
Documents Required to Open a Free Demat Account

Keep these documents handy when applying for a Demat account:
- PAN Card: Mandatory for opening a Demat account.
- Aadhaar Card: Used for identity and address verification.
- Bank Account Statement or Cancelled Cheque: Provides proof of your bank account details.
- Passport-sized Photograph: For identity verification.
- Income Proof (Optional): May be required by some brokers, especially if you plan to trade in derivatives. This can be your ITR acknowledgement, salary slip, or bank statement.
Investment Options Available Through a Demat Account

Once you have a Demat account, you can invest in a wide range of financial instruments:
- Equity Shares: Buy and sell shares of publicly listed companies on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE).
- Initial Public Offerings (IPOs): Apply for shares of companies that are newly listing on the stock exchange.
- Mutual Funds: Invest in diversified portfolios managed by professional fund managers. You can invest through lump sum investments or Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs).
- Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Invest in baskets of securities that track a specific index, commodity, or asset class.
- Bonds & Debentures: Invest in debt instruments issued by companies or the government.
- Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs): Invest in gold in dematerialized form, offering interest and capital appreciation.
Demat Account and Tax Implications

It’s crucial to understand the tax implications of your investments. Here’s a brief overview:
- Short-Term Capital Gains (STCG): If you sell equity shares within one year of purchase, the gains are taxed at 15%.
- Long-Term Capital Gains (LTCG): If you sell equity shares after one year of purchase, the gains exceeding ₹1 lakh are taxed at 10%.
- Dividend Income: Dividend income from shares and mutual funds is taxable as per your income tax slab.
Consider consulting a financial advisor to understand the tax implications of your investments and plan your taxes accordingly. You can also invest through tax-saving instruments like Equity Linked Savings Schemes (ELSS) to avail of tax benefits under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.

Beyond Stocks: Other Investment Avenues to Consider

While equities offer the potential for high returns, it’s important to diversify your portfolio. Consider these other investment options:
- Public Provident Fund (PPF): A government-backed savings scheme offering tax benefits and a guaranteed return.
- National Pension System (NPS): A retirement savings scheme offering tax benefits and investment options in equities and debt.
- Fixed Deposits (FDs): A low-risk investment option offering a fixed rate of return.
- Real Estate: Investing in property can provide rental income and capital appreciation.
Taking the First Step: open free demat a/c today and Start Investing

The Indian stock market offers tremendous opportunities for wealth creation. The process is now easier and more accessible than ever before. Don’t let fear or lack of knowledge hold you back. Research different brokers, understand the risks involved, and start with a small amount. The key is to start early and stay invested for the long term. So, open free demat a/c today and embark on your journey towards financial independence. Happy investing!

Disclaimer

Disclaimer: This blog is for informational purposes only and does not constitute financial advice. Please consult a qualified financial advisor before making any investment decisions. Investments in the stock market are subject to market risks. Read all scheme related documents carefully.
November 12, 2025
Flat Fee Frenzy: Is a ₹15 Per Trade Deal Right for You?
Tired of brokerage fees eating into your profits? Explore the rise of discount brokers offering a flat ₹15 per trade deal. Learn how this low-cost trading opt

Tired of brokerage fees eating into your profits? Explore the rise of discount brokers offering a flat ₹15 per trade deal. Learn how this low-cost trading option can impact your investments in the Indian stock market. We’ll examine if a flat ₹15 per trade deal is right for you.

Flat Fee Frenzy: Is a ₹15 Per Trade Deal Right for You?

Introduction: The Changing Landscape of Indian Stock Trading

The Indian stock market is booming, attracting a new generation of investors eager to participate in the nation’s economic growth story. As more individuals venture into the world of equity markets via platforms like the NSE (National Stock Exchange) and BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange), the demand for affordable and accessible trading solutions is surging. Traditionally, brokerage firms charged a percentage-based commission on each trade, which could quickly eat into profits, especially for frequent traders or those dealing with smaller investment amounts.

Recognizing this pain point, a wave of discount brokers emerged, disrupting the established order with a revolutionary offering: the flat fee brokerage model. This model promises a simplified and transparent cost structure, where investors pay a fixed fee, irrespective of the trade value. The most common offering is a flat ₹15 per trade deal, but there are also similar offerings with other fee amounts like ₹10 or ₹20.

The Allure of Flat Fee Brokerage: Why Investors are Switching

The shift towards flat fee brokerage is fueled by several compelling advantages:
- Cost-Effectiveness: This is the primary driver. For active traders, the savings compared to percentage-based commissions can be substantial. Imagine executing multiple trades daily or weekly. A percentage-based brokerage of even 0.1% per trade can quickly add up, while a flat ₹15 per trade remains constant, offering predictable and potentially lower costs.
- Transparency: The flat fee model eliminates the complexity of calculating commissions based on trade value. Investors know exactly how much they will pay per trade upfront, fostering transparency and trust.
- Accessibility: Lower brokerage costs make trading more accessible to smaller investors. Individuals who previously hesitated due to high commissions can now participate in the equity markets without worrying about excessive fees diminishing their returns.
- Encourages Informed Trading: With lower brokerage, investors may feel more empowered to make smaller, tactical trades based on market analysis, as opposed to solely focusing on long-term investments to justify higher commission costs.
Understanding the Fine Print: What You Need to Know

While the flat fee brokerage model appears enticing, it’s crucial to delve into the details and understand potential drawbacks. Here’s what investors should consider:

Hidden Charges and Other Fees

Ensure you scrutinize the broker’s fee structure beyond the flat ₹15 per trade. Look out for:
- Account Maintenance Charges (AMC): Some brokers charge annual or quarterly fees for maintaining your Demat and trading accounts.
- DP Charges: Depository Participant (DP) charges are levied when shares are debited from your Demat account for selling.
- Transaction Charges: Exchanges like NSE and BSE levy transaction charges on each trade. These are typically small but can add up over time.
- GST: Goods and Services Tax (GST) is applicable on brokerage and other related charges.
- Call & Trade Charges: If you place trades through a phone call, brokers might charge an additional fee.
- Platform Fees: Some brokers might levy a platform fee for using advanced trading software or features.
Trading Platforms and Technology

The quality of the trading platform is paramount. A user-friendly, reliable, and feature-rich platform can significantly enhance your trading experience. Consider the following:
- Platform Stability: Ensure the platform is stable and doesn’t experience frequent downtime, especially during periods of high market volatility.
- Charting Tools: Access to comprehensive charting tools and technical indicators is essential for informed decision-making.
- Order Types: The platform should offer a variety of order types, such as market orders, limit orders, stop-loss orders, and bracket orders, to cater to different trading strategies.
- Mobile App: A mobile app is crucial for trading on the go.
Brokerage Firm Reliability and Security

Choose a reputable and reliable brokerage firm registered with SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India). Consider factors such as:
- Regulatory Compliance: Verify that the broker is compliant with all SEBI regulations and guidelines.
- Financial Stability: Research the broker’s financial health and stability.
- Customer Support: Assess the quality and responsiveness of the broker’s customer support.
- Data Security: Ensure the broker has robust security measures in place to protect your personal and financial information.
Who Benefits Most from a Flat ₹15 Per Trade Deal?

While the flat fee model can be advantageous for many, it’s particularly well-suited for:
- High-Frequency Traders: Individuals who execute a large number of trades daily or weekly will see the most significant cost savings.
- Active Traders: Those who actively manage their portfolios and make frequent adjustments based on market conditions.
- Small-Scale Investors: Investors with limited capital can benefit from lower brokerage costs, making it easier to participate in the equity markets.
However, the model may not be as beneficial for:
- Long-Term Investors: Individuals who primarily invest for the long term and make infrequent trades may not see significant cost savings compared to percentage-based brokerage with lower account maintenance fees.
- Investors with Very Large Trade Values: Percentage-based brokerage may be more competitive in very large volume trades that are only executed rarely.
Beyond Equity: Other Investment Options and Brokerage

Remember that your overall investment strategy should encompass more than just equity trading. Diversification is key, and you should consider other investment options such as:
- Mutual Funds: Investing in mutual funds through SIPs (Systematic Investment Plans) allows you to diversify your portfolio across various asset classes.
- ELSS Funds: Equity Linked Savings Schemes (ELSS) offer tax benefits under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.
- PPF: Public Provident Fund (PPF) is a government-backed savings scheme offering tax benefits and guaranteed returns.
- NPS: National Pension System (NPS) is a retirement savings scheme offering tax benefits and market-linked returns.
- Debt Instruments: Consider investing in bonds, debentures, and other debt instruments to balance your portfolio.
When comparing brokers, check brokerage charges for these instruments. Some brokers may offer different fee structures for mutual funds, IPOs, or other investment products.

The Future of Brokerage in India: More Competition, More Choices

The rise of discount brokers offering flat fee pricing has intensified competition in the Indian brokerage industry. Traditional brokerage firms are now under pressure to adapt and offer more competitive pricing models to retain their clients. This increased competition ultimately benefits investors, providing them with more choices and greater control over their investment costs.

As technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see further innovation in the brokerage space, with more sophisticated trading platforms, personalized investment advice, and potentially even lower brokerage fees. The key for investors is to stay informed, conduct thorough research, and choose a broker that aligns with their individual needs and investment goals.

Conclusion: Making an Informed Decision

The decision of whether or not to switch to a flat ₹15 per trade deal depends on your individual trading style, investment goals, and risk tolerance. Carefully evaluate your trading frequency, trade size, and the overall cost structure of different brokerage firms before making a decision. Don’t be swayed solely by the low brokerage fees; consider factors such as platform quality, customer support, and the broker’s reputation.

By taking a holistic approach and understanding the nuances of the flat fee brokerage model, you can make an informed decision that empowers you to achieve your financial aspirations in the dynamic Indian stock market.
November 12, 2025
Unlock the Stock Market: Finding the Right Zero AMC Demat Account
Want a free Demat account? Explore brokers offering zero AMC, account opening fee options. Learn about charges, benefits, and choose the best free Demat a/c for

Want a free Demat account? Explore brokers offering zero AMC, account opening fee options. Learn about charges, benefits, and choose the best free demat a/c for trading in Indian stock markets.

Unlock the Stock Market: Finding the Right Zero AMC Demat Account

Introduction: Navigating the World of Demat Accounts

The Indian stock market is booming, with more and more individuals looking to participate in the potential wealth creation offered by equities. But before you can dive into the world of stocks, mutual funds, and IPOs, you need a Demat account. A Demat account, short for Dematerialization account, is essentially a digital locker where your shares and other securities are held electronically. It simplifies trading, eliminates the risks associated with physical share certificates, and is a mandatory requirement for investing in the Indian stock market through exchanges like the NSE (National Stock Exchange) and BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange).

Traditionally, opening and maintaining a Demat account involved various charges, including account opening fees, annual maintenance charges (AMC), and transaction fees. However, competition in the brokerage industry has led to the emergence of brokers offering attractive deals, including the possibility of zero AMC Demat accounts. This article will guide you through the process of understanding Demat accounts, identifying the benefits of a zero AMC account, and choosing the best option for your investment needs.

Understanding Demat Account Charges

Before we delve into the specifics of free Demat accounts, it’s crucial to understand the different types of charges associated with a Demat account:
- Account Opening Fee: A one-time fee charged by the broker when you open a Demat account. Many brokers offer waivers on this fee as a promotional offer.
- Annual Maintenance Charges (AMC): A recurring fee levied annually by the Depository Participant (DP) for maintaining your Demat account. This is where the concept of a “free Demat account” often comes into play, as some brokers offer accounts with zero AMC.
- Transaction Charges: These charges are levied each time you buy or sell shares through your Demat account. They are typically calculated as a percentage of the transaction value or a fixed fee per transaction.
- DP Charges: These are levied by the Depository Participant (DP) on every debit transaction (when you sell shares).
- Other Charges: These may include charges for dematerialization (converting physical shares into electronic form), rematerialization (converting electronic shares into physical form), and pledge creation/closure.
The Allure of Zero AMC Demat Accounts

The prospect of a free Demat a/c, particularly one with zero AMC, is highly appealing to investors, especially beginners and those with smaller portfolios. Here’s why:
- Cost Savings: Eliminating the AMC translates into significant cost savings over the long term. Even a seemingly small AMC of ₹500 per year can add up to a substantial amount over several years.
- Increased Profitability: By reducing your overall investment costs, you increase your potential profitability. The money saved on AMC can be reinvested, further boosting your returns.
- Accessibility for Small Investors: Zero AMC accounts make investing more accessible to small investors who may be hesitant to pay recurring fees on their accounts.
- Inactivity-Friendly: If you’re not actively trading, a zero AMC account eliminates the worry of paying fees on an inactive account. This is particularly useful for long-term investors who may not trade frequently.
Factors to Consider When Choosing a Demat Account

While a zero AMC Demat account sounds attractive, it’s essential to consider other factors before making a decision. Don’t just focus on the AMC; look at the complete picture:
- Brokerage Charges: While the AMC might be zero, the brokerage charges for trading can vary significantly between brokers. Compare brokerage rates for different trading segments (equity, derivatives, currency, etc.) to find the most cost-effective option for your trading style. Some brokers offer a percentage-based brokerage, while others offer a fixed-fee model.
- Trading Platform: A user-friendly and efficient trading platform is crucial for a seamless trading experience. Look for a platform that offers real-time market data, advanced charting tools, and easy order placement. Many brokers offer mobile trading apps, which can be convenient for trading on the go.
- Research and Advisory Services: If you’re new to investing, consider brokers that offer research reports, investment recommendations, and advisory services. These services can help you make informed investment decisions.
- Customer Support: Reliable customer support is essential in case you encounter any issues with your account or trading platform. Check the broker’s customer support channels (phone, email, chat) and their response times.
- Reputation and Reliability: Choose a broker with a good reputation and a proven track record. Look for brokers regulated by SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India), the regulatory body for the Indian securities market.
- Hidden Charges: Carefully review the broker’s terms and conditions to identify any hidden charges or fees that may not be immediately apparent.
- Minimum Balance Requirements: Some brokers may require you to maintain a minimum balance in your trading account.
Popular Brokers Offering Zero AMC Demat Accounts in India

Several brokers in India offer zero AMC Demat accounts. Here are a few examples (note that offerings can change, so always verify the latest information with the broker directly):
- Zerodha: Known for its discount brokerage model, Zerodha offers a Demat account with zero AMC. They charge a flat fee for equity delivery trades and a small percentage for intraday and F&O trades.
- Upstox: Another popular discount broker, Upstox also offers a zero AMC Demat account. They offer competitive brokerage rates and a user-friendly trading platform.
- Groww: Primarily known for its mutual fund platform, Groww also offers a Demat account with zero AMC. They offer a simple and intuitive trading experience.
- Angel One: A full-service broker that has transitioned to a discount brokerage model, Angel One offers a variety of account options, including some with zero AMC.
Comparing Full-Service Brokers vs. Discount Brokers

When choosing a broker, it’s important to understand the difference between full-service brokers and discount brokers:
- Full-Service Brokers: These brokers offer a wide range of services, including research reports, investment advice, wealth management, and relationship managers. They typically charge higher brokerage fees compared to discount brokers.
- Discount Brokers: These brokers focus on providing a low-cost trading platform without offering extensive research or advisory services. They typically charge lower brokerage fees and are suitable for experienced investors who can make their own investment decisions.
If you’re a beginner investor who needs guidance and advice, a full-service broker might be a better option. However, if you’re an experienced investor who is comfortable making your own investment decisions, a discount broker offering a zero AMC Demat account can be a more cost-effective choice.

Opening a Demat Account: A Step-by-Step Guide

Opening a Demat account is a relatively straightforward process. Here’s a step-by-step guide:
1. Choose a Broker: Research and compare different brokers based on the factors discussed above.
2. Fill Out the Application Form: Most brokers offer online account opening facilities. You’ll need to fill out an application form with your personal and financial details.
3. Provide KYC Documents: You’ll need to provide Know Your Customer (KYC) documents, such as your PAN card, Aadhaar card, proof of address, and bank account details.
4. In-Person Verification (IPV): Some brokers may require an in-person verification (IPV) to verify your identity. This can often be done online via video call.
5. Agreement and Activation: Once your application is approved and your KYC documents are verified, you’ll need to sign an agreement with the broker. Your Demat account will then be activated.
Investing Beyond Equities: PPF, NPS, and Mutual Funds

While a Demat account is essential for trading in equities, it’s important to remember that a well-rounded investment portfolio should include a mix of different asset classes. Consider exploring other investment options such as:
- Public Provident Fund (PPF): A government-backed savings scheme offering tax benefits and a guaranteed rate of return.
- National Pension System (NPS): A retirement savings scheme that allows you to invest in a mix of equity, debt, and government securities.
- Mutual Funds: A popular investment option that allows you to invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other assets. You can invest in mutual funds through SIPs (Systematic Investment Plans), which allow you to invest a fixed amount regularly.
- Equity Linked Savings Scheme (ELSS): A type of mutual fund that offers tax benefits under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.
Conclusion: Making an Informed Decision

Choosing the right Demat account is a crucial first step towards participating in the Indian stock market. While the allure of a zero AMC Demat account is undeniable, it’s essential to consider all the factors discussed above before making a decision. Compare brokerage charges, trading platforms, research services, customer support, and the overall reputation of the broker. By conducting thorough research and understanding your own investment needs, you can find a Demat account that best suits your requirements and helps you achieve your financial goals. Remember to stay informed about market trends, regulatory changes, and the performance of your investments to make informed decisions and maximize your returns.
November 12, 2025
Demystifying Demat Accounts: Is a Free Demat Account Right for You?
Choosing the right demat account requires careful consideration of your investment goals, trading frequency, and risk appetite. While the allure of a ₹0 demat a/c can be tempting, remember to look beyond the headline and carefully evaluate all the associated charges and conditions. Compare different DPs, read the fine print, and choose an account that best aligns with your individual needs and financial circumstances. By making an informed decision, you can maximize your investment potential and embark on a successful journey in the Indian financial markets. And always remember, consult with a SEBI registered financial advisor before making any investment decisions.

Demystifying Demat Accounts: Is a Free Demat Account Right for You?

Unlock the stock market potential! Demystify demat accounts & discover if a ₹0 demat a/c is the right choice. Learn about charges, benefits, and how to choose the best option for your investment journey in India. Start investing smart today!

In the ever-evolving landscape of Indian finance, a Demat account is no longer a luxury; it’s a necessity for anyone looking to participate in the equity markets. Think of it as a digital locker where you hold your shares, bonds, and other securities in electronic form. Gone are the days of cumbersome physical share certificates, thanks to the Depository Act of 1996 which paved the way for dematerialization in India.

The two main depositories in India are National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) and Central Depository Services Limited (CDSL). These depositories work in conjunction with Depository Participants (DPs) – typically banks, brokerage firms, or financial institutions – to provide demat account services to investors like you. Your DP acts as an intermediary, facilitating the opening and operation of your demat account.

Before diving into the specifics of a “free” or ₹0 demat a/c, it’s crucial to understand the different types of charges associated with a typical demat account. These charges generally include:

The phrase “₹0 demat a/c” can sound incredibly appealing, especially to new investors. But like most things in finance, it’s essential to look beyond the headline and understand the fine print. While some brokers genuinely offer accounts with no account opening fees, or even lifetime free AMCs under certain conditions, it’s crucial to analyze all the associated charges. Often, DPs make up for the lack of account opening or AMC fees by charging higher transaction fees or other hidden costs. Don’t just look at one particular fee, look at the overall cost of maintaining and using the account.

Before opening a “free” demat account, meticulously examine the terms and conditions. Ask yourself these key questions:

₹0 demat a/c

Regardless of whether you opt for a ₹0 demat a/c or one with associated fees, a demat account offers a plethora of benefits that make investing in the Indian stock market significantly easier and more efficient:

Selecting the right demat account is a crucial step in your investment journey. Consider these factors when making your decision:

While demat accounts are primarily associated with trading in the equity markets, they also play a crucial role in investing in mutual funds. While you can invest in mutual funds directly through the fund house (AMC), holding them in demat form offers several advantages.

It’s important to note that holding mutual funds in demat form may incur additional charges, such as transaction fees for buying and selling units. However, the convenience and consolidated portfolio management benefits often outweigh the costs for many investors.

While equity markets and mutual funds are popular investment avenues, Indian investors also have access to a wide range of other investment options, each with its own risk-return profile:

Understanding the Basics of a Demat Account
- Account Opening Charges: A one-time fee levied when you open the account.
- Annual Maintenance Charges (AMC): An annual fee charged for maintaining your account, irrespective of trading activity.
- Transaction Charges: Charged for each debit (sale) or credit (purchase) transaction of securities.
- Custodian Fees: Fees paid to the depository (NSDL or CDSL) for holding the securities in your demat account. These fees are usually passed on to the investor by the DP.
- Pledge/Unpledge Charges: Fees associated with pledging your securities as collateral for loans.
- Statement Charges: Some DPs charge for providing physical account statements.
The Allure of the ₹0 Demat A/c: What’s the Catch?

Decoding the Terms and Conditions
- Are there any hidden charges? Pay close attention to transaction charges, custodian fees, and any other fees that might not be immediately apparent.
- What are the conditions for maintaining the “free” status? Some DPs might waive AMC only if you meet certain trading volume requirements or maintain a minimum balance in your trading account. Failure to meet these conditions could result in unexpected charges.
- What is the brokerage structure? While the demat account might be “free,” the brokerage charges for buying and selling shares could be higher compared to other options.
- What is the fine print? Always read the account opening document thoroughly before signing. Look for any clauses that might be disadvantageous to you in the long run.
Benefits of Having a Demat Account
- Convenience: Trading becomes seamless and paperless. You can buy and sell shares from the comfort of your home using an online trading platform.
- Safety: Eliminates the risk of loss, theft, or damage associated with physical share certificates.
- Speed: Transactions are processed much faster than in the era of physical shares.
- Flexibility: Allows you to hold a wide range of securities, including shares, bonds, mutual funds, and Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs), in a single account.
- Ease of Transfer: Transferring shares between demat accounts is a simple and efficient process.
- Corporate Actions: You automatically receive dividends, bonus shares, and other corporate benefits directly into your demat account.
Choosing the Right Demat Account for You
- Investment Goals: Are you a frequent trader or a long-term investor? Your trading frequency will influence the importance of low transaction fees.
- Trading Platform: Choose a DP that offers a user-friendly and reliable trading platform with the features you need.
- Customer Service: Opt for a DP with responsive and helpful customer service in case you encounter any issues.
- Reputation: Research the DP’s reputation and track record before opening an account. Look for reviews and ratings from other investors.
- Charges and Fees: Compare the various charges associated with different demat accounts, including account opening charges, AMC, transaction charges, and custodian fees. Don’t just focus on the “₹0 demat a/c” tagline, consider the overall cost.
- Additional Services: Some DPs offer additional services such as research reports, investment advice, and portfolio management tools. Evaluate whether these services are valuable to you.
Demat Accounts and Mutual Funds: A Synergistic Relationship
- Consolidated Portfolio: Allows you to hold all your investments, including shares, bonds, and mutual funds, in a single demat account, simplifying portfolio tracking and management.
- Ease of Redemption: Redeeming mutual fund units held in demat form is a quick and easy process.
- Pledging Facility: Some DPs allow you to pledge your mutual fund units held in demat form as collateral for loans.
- Nomination Facility: You can easily nominate a beneficiary for your demat account, ensuring that your investments are transferred to your nominee in the event of your demise.
Alternative Investment Options in India
- Public Provident Fund (PPF): A government-backed savings scheme offering tax benefits and a guaranteed rate of return. Ideal for long-term retirement savings.
- National Pension System (NPS): A defined contribution pension scheme designed to provide retirement income. Offers tax benefits and investment options across different asset classes.
- Equity Linked Savings Scheme (ELSS): A type of mutual fund that invests primarily in equities and offers tax benefits under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.
- Fixed Deposits (FDs): A low-risk investment option offering a fixed rate of interest for a specific period.
- Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs): Government-issued bonds denominated in gold. Offer a safe and convenient way to invest in gold without having to worry about storage or purity.
- Real Estate: Investing in property can provide potential rental income and capital appreciation. However, it requires significant capital investment and comes with liquidity risks.
Conclusion: Making an Informed Decision
November 12, 2025
Unlock the Market: Can You Really Start Trading at ₹15?
Explore the possibilities! Can you really start trading at ₹15 in India? Uncover affordable stock market entry points, budget-friendly investment options like

Explore the possibilities! Can you really start trading at ₹15 in India? Uncover affordable stock market entry points, budget-friendly investment options like SIPs in mutual funds, and tips for navigating the NSE & BSE with limited capital. Learn about fractional shares, discount brokers, and responsible investing.

Unlock the Market: Can You Really Start Trading at ₹15?

The Allure of Low-Cost Investing in India

The Indian stock market, with the NSE (National Stock Exchange) and BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) as its main pillars, has witnessed tremendous growth in retail participation in recent years. More and more Indians are recognizing the potential of equity markets to build wealth. However, the perceived high cost of entry often deters many potential investors. The question then arises: is it actually possible to break into the market with a small amount like ₹15? The answer, while nuanced, is encouraging.

Understanding the Landscape: Minimum Investment Considerations

Traditionally, investing in stocks meant buying whole shares, which could be expensive for blue-chip companies. Think Reliance Industries, HDFC Bank, or TCS – these stocks command prices in the thousands of rupees per share. This creates a barrier for individuals with limited capital. However, the financial landscape is evolving, offering more accessible entry points.

Fractional Shares: A Game Changer for Small Investors?

The concept of fractional shares is gaining traction in India, though it’s not yet as widely implemented as in some international markets. Fractional shares allow you to buy a portion of a share, rather than the entire share. So, if a stock costs ₹1000, you could potentially buy 0.01 of a share for ₹10 (plus brokerage and other charges). This makes investing in high-value stocks more accessible to individuals with limited funds. While not all brokers in India offer fractional shares, some are beginning to explore this option. Always check with your broker regarding the availability and terms associated with fractional shares trading before investing.

The Role of Discount Brokers in Lowering Entry Barriers

The rise of discount brokers in India has significantly reduced the cost of trading. Traditional brokers often charged a percentage-based commission on each trade, which could eat into your returns, especially with small investment amounts. Discount brokers, on the other hand, typically offer flat-fee brokerage plans, sometimes even commission-free trading for certain segments. This drastically reduces the transaction costs, making it more feasible to invest with smaller amounts. However, it is crucial to compare different brokerage plans and understand all associated fees, including account maintenance charges, DP charges, and other hidden costs.

Mutual Funds: A Diversified Entry Point with SIPs

While directly buying stocks might seem daunting with ₹15, mutual funds offer a more diversified and professionally managed approach. A System Investment Plan (SIP) allows you to invest a fixed amount regularly, such as monthly or quarterly, in a mutual fund scheme. Many mutual funds allow SIPs to start with as little as ₹500, or even ₹100 in some cases. While you cannot start trading at ₹15 directly in the equity market for stocks, this amount is closer to the minimum SIP amount for mutual funds.

Types of Mutual Funds Suitable for Small Investments

Several types of mutual funds are suitable for beginners with limited capital:
- Equity Funds: These funds invest primarily in stocks and offer higher growth potential but also come with higher risk.
- Debt Funds: These funds invest in fixed-income securities like bonds and government securities. They offer lower returns but are less risky than equity funds.
- Hybrid Funds: These funds invest in a mix of both equity and debt instruments, providing a balance between risk and return.
- Index Funds: These funds replicate a specific market index like the Nifty 50 or Sensex. They are passively managed and generally have lower expense ratios.
ELSS: Tax Savings and Equity Exposure

Equity Linked Savings Schemes (ELSS) are a type of equity mutual fund that offers tax benefits under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act. Investing in ELSS allows you to save on taxes while also participating in the equity market. ELSS funds have a lock-in period of three years, which is the shortest among all tax-saving investment options. It’s important to remember that even though ELSS funds have tax benefits, they still carry market risk.

Beyond Stocks and Mutual Funds: Exploring Other Investment Options

While equities offer growth potential, there are other investment avenues worth considering, especially when starting with a small amount:

Public Provident Fund (PPF)

PPF is a government-backed savings scheme that offers a fixed interest rate and tax benefits. It’s a safe and reliable investment option, though the returns may be lower compared to equities. The minimum investment amount in PPF is ₹500 per year.

National Pension System (NPS)

NPS is a retirement savings scheme that allows you to invest in a mix of equity, debt, and other asset classes. It offers tax benefits and is a good option for long-term retirement planning. You can start with a minimum contribution of ₹500.

Recurring Deposits (RDs)

RDs are offered by banks and post offices and allow you to deposit a fixed amount regularly for a specific period. They offer a guaranteed interest rate and are a low-risk investment option. While the returns may not be as high as equities, RDs provide a safe and predictable way to save money.

Key Considerations for Small-Scale Trading and Investing

Investing with small amounts requires a strategic and disciplined approach:

Prioritize Financial Literacy

Before investing in any asset class, it is crucial to educate yourself about the market, different investment options, and the associated risks. Numerous online resources, books, and courses are available to enhance your financial literacy. SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) also provides investor education resources to promote financial awareness.

Start Small and Diversify

When starting with limited capital, it’s wise to begin with small investments and gradually increase your exposure as you gain experience and confidence. Diversification is key to mitigating risk. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. Spread your investments across different asset classes and sectors.

Focus on Long-Term Investing

Equity markets can be volatile in the short term. Focus on long-term investing to ride out market fluctuations and benefit from compounding. Avoid the temptation to time the market, as it is extremely difficult to predict market movements consistently.

Manage Risk Effectively

Understand your risk tolerance and choose investments accordingly. Use stop-loss orders to limit potential losses. Regularly review your portfolio and rebalance it as needed to maintain your desired asset allocation.

Be Aware of Fees and Charges

Pay close attention to all fees and charges associated with your investments, including brokerage fees, account maintenance charges, and expense ratios for mutual funds. These fees can eat into your returns, especially with small investment amounts.

Conclusion: Embarking on Your Investment Journey

While directly buying shares for ₹15 is not typically possible due to minimum transaction sizes and brokerage fees, the evolving financial landscape, with innovations like fractional shares (though still emerging in India) and the availability of SIPs in mutual funds, opens doors for investors with limited capital. By starting small, diversifying your investments, prioritizing financial literacy, and focusing on the long term, you can begin your journey toward financial independence, even with modest beginnings. Remember that all investments carry risk, and it is crucial to conduct thorough research and seek professional advice if needed before making any investment decisions. The key is to start, learn, and adapt your investment strategy as you gain experience.
November 12, 2025
Open a Free Demat Account: Your Gateway to Indian Investments
Ready to start your investment journey in the Indian stock market? Open free demat a/c now and unlock a world of opportunities! Learn how to choose the right ac

Ready to start your investment journey in the Indian stock market? open free demat a/c now and unlock a world of opportunities! Learn how to choose the right account, understand the benefits, and begin trading with confidence. Get started today!

Open a Free Demat Account: Your Gateway to Indian Investments

Understanding Demat Accounts and Their Significance

In today’s digital age, the stock market is no longer a realm reserved for seasoned professionals. With the advent of Demat (Dematerialization) accounts, investing in the Indian equity markets has become accessible to everyone. A Demat account is essentially an online repository where your shares and other securities are held in electronic form. Think of it as a bank account for your investments. Gone are the days of physical share certificates, which were prone to loss, theft, and damage. The Demat account ensures a safe, secure, and convenient way to manage your investments.

The concept of dematerialization was introduced in India to streamline the trading process and enhance efficiency. Before Demat accounts, transferring shares involved a cumbersome process of physical certificates being exchanged. This was not only time-consuming but also prone to errors and delays. The National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) and Central Depository Services Limited (CDSL) are the two central depositories in India that facilitate the holding and transfer of securities in dematerialized form.

Why You Need a Demat Account to Invest in India

A Demat account is mandatory if you wish to trade or invest in any of the following instruments on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) or the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE):
- Equity Shares: Buying and selling shares of publicly listed companies.
- Mutual Funds: Investing in professionally managed funds that pool money from multiple investors to invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other assets.
- Initial Public Offerings (IPOs): Applying for shares of companies that are going public for the first time.
- Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Investing in funds that track a specific index, commodity, or basket of assets.
- Bonds and Debentures: Investing in debt instruments issued by companies or the government.
Without a Demat account, you simply cannot participate in the Indian stock market. It’s the fundamental building block for any investor looking to grow their wealth through equities and related instruments.

Benefits of Opening a Free Demat Account

Opening a Demat account offers numerous advantages:
- Convenience: Manage your investments from anywhere with an internet connection.
- Security: Eliminates the risk of loss, theft, or damage associated with physical share certificates.
- Speed: Transactions are processed quickly and efficiently.
- Accessibility: Makes investing accessible to a wider range of people.
- Reduced Costs: Eliminates stamp duty on share transfers.
- Corporate Actions: Automatic credit of bonus shares, dividends, and rights issues to your account.
Many brokers now offer the ability to open free Demat a/c now, further reducing the barrier to entry for new investors.

Factors to Consider When Choosing a Demat Account Provider

Selecting the right Demat account provider is crucial for a seamless investment experience. Here are some factors to consider:
- Brokerage Charges: Compare brokerage fees for different types of transactions (delivery, intraday, etc.).
- Account Maintenance Charges (AMC): Check the annual maintenance charges levied by the provider. Some providers offer free AMC for the first year or for accounts with a certain balance.
- Trading Platform: Evaluate the user-friendliness and features of the trading platform. A good platform should be easy to navigate, offer real-time market data, and provide analytical tools.
- Customer Service: Assess the quality of customer support offered by the provider. Look for providers with responsive and helpful customer service channels.
- Research and Advisory Services: Some brokers offer research reports and advisory services to help you make informed investment decisions.
- Additional Features: Consider features like margin trading, access to IPOs, and integration with other investment tools.
Popular Demat account providers in India include:
- Zerodha
- Upstox
- Angel One
- Groww
- ICICI Direct
- HDFC Securities
- Kotak Securities
Documents Required to Open a Demat Account

To open a Demat account, you will typically need the following documents:
- Proof of Identity (POI): PAN card, Aadhaar card, Voter ID, Passport, Driving License.
- Proof of Address (POA): Aadhaar card, Voter ID, Passport, Driving License, Bank statement, Utility bill.
- Proof of Income (POI): Bank statement, Salary slip, ITR acknowledgement. (This may not be required by all brokers, but is good to have ready).
- PAN Card: Mandatory for all investors.
- Passport-sized photograph.
The process of opening a Demat account is now largely online, making it convenient and paperless.

Step-by-Step Guide to Opening a Demat Account Online

Here’s a general outline of the steps involved in opening a Demat account online:
1. Choose a Depository Participant (DP): Select a broker or financial institution that offers Demat account services.
2. Visit the DP’s Website: Go to the DP’s website and look for the “Open Demat Account” or similar option.
3. Fill out the Online Application Form: Provide your personal details, contact information, and bank account details.
4. Upload Documents: Scan and upload the required documents (POI, POA, PAN card, etc.).
5. e-Sign the Application: Use your Aadhaar card or other digital signature method to e-sign the application form.
6. Verification: The DP will verify your details and documents. This may involve a video KYC (Know Your Customer) process.
7. Account Activation: Once your application is approved, your Demat account will be activated, and you will receive your account details.
Understanding Demat Account Charges

While some brokers offer “free” Demat accounts, it’s essential to understand the different types of charges associated with these accounts:
- Account Opening Charges: Some brokers may charge a one-time fee to open a Demat account, while others offer free account opening.
- Annual Maintenance Charges (AMC): This is an annual fee charged for maintaining the Demat account. Some brokers offer free AMC for the first year or waive it for accounts with a certain balance.
- Transaction Charges: These are charges levied on each transaction (buying or selling shares). Transaction charges can vary depending on the type of transaction (delivery, intraday, etc.) and the broker’s pricing plan.
- Custodian Fees: These are charges levied by the depository (NSDL or CDSL) for holding your securities.
Carefully compare the charges of different brokers before opening an account.

Investing with Your Demat Account: A Beginner’s Guide

Once your Demat account is open, you can start investing in the Indian stock market. Here are some popular investment options:
- Equity Shares: Invest in individual stocks of companies listed on the NSE or BSE. Research companies thoroughly before investing.
- Mutual Funds: Invest in professionally managed funds that offer diversification across different asset classes. Consider different types of mutual funds like equity funds, debt funds, and hybrid funds based on your risk appetite and investment goals.
- Systematic Investment Plan (SIP): A SIP is a disciplined way to invest in mutual funds by investing a fixed amount regularly (e.g., monthly or quarterly). SIPs help you average out your investment costs and benefit from the power of compounding.
- Equity Linked Savings Scheme (ELSS): ELSS are tax-saving mutual funds that offer tax benefits under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act. They have a lock-in period of three years.
- Public Provident Fund (PPF): A government-backed savings scheme that offers tax benefits and attractive interest rates. It has a lock-in period of 15 years.
- National Pension System (NPS): A retirement savings scheme that allows you to invest in a mix of equity, debt, and government securities. It offers tax benefits under Section 80C and 80CCD(1B) of the Income Tax Act.
Tips for New Investors

Here are some essential tips for new investors:
- Start Small: Begin with a small investment amount and gradually increase it as you gain experience.
- Do Your Research: Thoroughly research companies and mutual funds before investing. Understand the risks involved.
- Diversify Your Portfolio: Spread your investments across different asset classes and sectors to reduce risk.
- Invest for the Long Term: The stock market can be volatile in the short term, so it’s essential to have a long-term investment horizon.
- Stay Informed: Keep up with market news and trends to make informed investment decisions.
- Seek Professional Advice: If you are unsure about investing, consult a financial advisor.
Conclusion: Start Your Investment Journey Today

Opening a Demat account is the first step towards building your wealth through the Indian stock market. With the ease of online account opening and the availability of various investment options, there’s never been a better time to start investing. So, take the plunge, do your research, and embark on your financial journey today!
November 12, 2025
Estimate Your Future: The Power of a SIP Calculator App
Plan your future with ease! Use a simple SIP calculator app for monthly investment and estimate your returns. Start smart, invest wisely in mutual funds & achie

Plan your future with ease! Use a simple sip calculator app for monthly investment and estimate your returns. Start smart, invest wisely in mutual funds & achieve your financial goals. Download now!

Estimate Your Future: The Power of a SIP Calculator App

Introduction: Investing Made Easy with SIPs

In today’s fast-paced world, planning for the future can seem daunting. With rising inflation and ever-changing financial landscapes, it’s crucial to find effective ways to grow your wealth. Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs) have emerged as a popular and accessible investment option for Indians, allowing individuals to invest fixed amounts regularly in mutual funds. This disciplined approach helps average out the cost of investment and potentially generate significant returns over time.

But how do you know how much to invest each month to reach your financial goals? This is where a SIP calculator comes in handy. It’s a simple yet powerful tool that helps you estimate the potential returns on your SIP investments, making financial planning a breeze.

Understanding Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs)

Before diving into the specifics of SIP calculators, let’s quickly recap what SIPs are and why they’re a smart choice for many Indian investors.
- What are SIPs? A SIP is a method of investing in mutual funds where you invest a fixed amount of money at regular intervals (typically monthly) over a specified period.
- Rupee Cost Averaging: SIPs benefit from rupee cost averaging, meaning you buy more units when the market is down and fewer units when the market is up. This helps average out your purchase price and reduces the impact of market volatility.
- Discipline and Consistency: SIPs encourage disciplined saving and investing habits, which are essential for long-term financial success.
- Accessibility: SIPs are accessible to investors with varying budgets. You can start with as little as ₹500 per month.
- Diversification: Mutual funds invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other assets, which helps reduce risk compared to investing in individual securities.
Why Use a SIP Calculator?

While SIPs are a great investment strategy, it’s essential to understand how much you need to invest to reach your financial goals. A SIP calculator simplifies this process by providing a quick and easy way to estimate your potential returns based on various factors.
- Goal Setting: A SIP calculator helps you determine the monthly investment required to achieve your desired financial goals, such as retirement planning, buying a house, or funding your child’s education.
- Return Estimation: It allows you to estimate the potential returns on your SIP investments based on different assumed rates of return.
- Financial Planning: By providing a clear picture of your potential future wealth, a SIP calculator helps you make informed financial decisions.
- Comparison: You can use a SIP calculator to compare the potential returns of different SIP investments and choose the one that best suits your risk tolerance and financial goals.
- Motivation: Seeing the potential growth of your investments can be a powerful motivator to stay consistent with your SIP contributions.
Key Components of a SIP Calculator

Most SIP calculators, whether online or within a dedicated app, typically require you to input the following information:
- Monthly Investment Amount: The amount you plan to invest in your SIP each month (e.g., ₹5,000, ₹10,000, ₹20,000).
- Investment Tenure: The duration for which you plan to invest (e.g., 5 years, 10 years, 20 years).
- Expected Rate of Return: The anticipated annual return on your investment. This is often expressed as a percentage (e.g., 10%, 12%, 15%). Estimating this carefully is important, and it’s wise to be conservative. Historical returns of similar funds can be a starting point.
Based on these inputs, the calculator will estimate the total value of your investment at the end of the investment tenure. Keep in mind that these are just estimates, and actual returns may vary depending on market conditions.

Choosing the Right Simple SIP Calculator App for Monthly Investment

Numerous SIP calculator apps are available on both Android and iOS platforms. When choosing an app, consider the following factors:
- User-Friendliness: The app should be intuitive and easy to navigate, even for beginners.
- Accuracy: The calculator should provide accurate estimates based on the inputs provided.
- Features: Some apps offer additional features, such as goal planning, fund comparison, and expense tracking.
- Security: Choose an app from a reputable provider that prioritizes data security and privacy.
- Reviews and Ratings: Read reviews and ratings from other users to get an idea of the app’s performance and reliability.
Some popular SIP calculator apps available in India include those offered by leading mutual fund houses, financial websites, and independent developers. Always check the source and authenticity of the app before downloading.

Beyond the Calculation: Using the App for Informed Decisions

A SIP calculator is more than just a tool for number crunching; it’s a gateway to informed investment decisions. Once you have an estimated figure, consider these factors:

Risk Tolerance

Are you a conservative, moderate, or aggressive investor? A higher expected rate of return comes with higher risk. Consider investing in equity mutual funds (often higher return potential, higher risk) or debt mutual funds (lower return potential, lower risk) based on your comfort level. Balanced funds offer a mix of both.

Investment Horizon

How long do you have until you need the money? A longer investment horizon allows you to take on more risk, as you have more time to recover from market downturns. For short-term goals, consider lower-risk options like debt funds or liquid funds. For long-term goals (over 5 years), equity funds can be a viable option.

Financial Goals

What are you saving for? A specific goal (e.g., buying a house) will require a more precise investment strategy than a general savings plan. Estimate the cost of your goal in today’s money and adjust for inflation to determine the future value you need to achieve.

Popular Investment Options for SIPs in India

Once you’ve determined your investment amount and time horizon, you need to choose the right mutual funds for your SIP. Here are some popular options in India:
- Equity Mutual Funds: Invest primarily in stocks and offer the potential for high returns, but also carry higher risk. Suitable for long-term goals.
- Debt Mutual Funds: Invest in fixed-income securities like bonds and offer lower returns but are less volatile. Suitable for short-term goals or conservative investors.
- Hybrid Mutual Funds: A mix of equity and debt investments, offering a balance between risk and return.
- ELSS (Equity Linked Savings Scheme): Equity funds that offer tax benefits under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act. They come with a lock-in period of 3 years.
- Index Funds: These funds track a specific market index, such as the Nifty 50 or the BSE Sensex, and offer a low-cost way to invest in the overall market.
Remember to consult with a financial advisor to determine the most suitable investment options for your individual needs and circumstances. Consider factors like expense ratios, fund manager experience, and historical performance before making your decision. Analyzing the fund’s factsheet is crucial.

Beyond Mutual Funds: Exploring Other Investment Options Alongside SIPs

While SIPs in mutual funds are a cornerstone of many investment strategies, diversifying your portfolio beyond them can further mitigate risk and potentially enhance returns. Consider these options:
- Public Provident Fund (PPF): A government-backed savings scheme offering tax benefits and guaranteed returns. It has a lock-in period of 15 years.
- National Pension System (NPS): A retirement savings scheme that allows you to invest in a mix of equity and debt. It also offers tax benefits.
- Direct Equity: Investing directly in stocks can offer higher potential returns, but also carries higher risk and requires more knowledge and expertise.
- Real Estate: Investing in property can provide rental income and capital appreciation, but it’s a less liquid investment and requires significant capital.
- Gold: Investing in gold can act as a hedge against inflation and economic uncertainty. You can invest in physical gold, gold ETFs, or sovereign gold bonds.
Allocating a portion of your investment portfolio to these alternative assets can help diversify your risk and potentially increase your overall returns. Remember to carefully consider your risk tolerance, investment horizon, and financial goals when making investment decisions.

Conclusion: Empowering Your Financial Future

Investing in your future doesn’t have to be complex or intimidating. With the help of a simple SIP calculator app for monthly investment, you can easily estimate your potential returns and make informed financial decisions. Start small, stay consistent, and watch your wealth grow over time. Remember to regularly review your investment portfolio and make adjustments as needed to stay on track to achieve your financial goals. Always consult a SEBI registered investment advisor for financial advice.
November 12, 2025
Top Performing Mutual Funds for Long Term Investment in India
Looking for long-term wealth creation? Discover the top performing mutual funds for long term investment in India. Expert analysis & fund recommendations inside

Looking for long-term wealth creation? Discover the top performing mutual funds for long term investment in India. Expert analysis & fund recommendations inside!

Top Performing Mutual Funds for Long Term Investment in India

Introduction: The Power of Long-Term Investing with Mutual Funds

In the dynamic landscape of Indian finance, achieving long-term financial goals requires a strategic approach to investment. While the equity markets offer substantial growth potential, navigating them effectively demands expertise and time. This is where mutual funds come into play, providing a diversified and professionally managed avenue for wealth creation.

For Indian investors, mutual funds offer a compelling solution to participate in the market without the need for extensive financial knowledge or constant monitoring. Managed by experienced fund managers, these funds pool money from multiple investors and invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other assets. This diversification helps mitigate risk and provides access to a wider range of investment opportunities than might be possible for individual investors.

The Indian mutual fund industry is regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), ensuring transparency and investor protection. This robust regulatory framework, coupled with increasing financial literacy, has led to a surge in mutual fund investments, particularly through Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs). SIPs allow investors to invest a fixed sum regularly, benefiting from rupee-cost averaging and harnessing the power of compounding.

Why Long-Term Investing is Crucial

The allure of quick returns can be tempting, but sustainable wealth creation requires a long-term perspective. Long-term investing allows you to ride out market volatility and benefit from the compounding effect. Here’s why it’s essential:
- Compounding: The magic of compounding works best over the long term. The returns earned on your initial investment generate further returns, accelerating wealth accumulation.
- Rupee-Cost Averaging: When you invest regularly through SIPs, you buy more units when the market is down and fewer units when the market is up, averaging out your purchase cost and mitigating risk.
- Market Volatility: Short-term market fluctuations are inevitable. A long-term horizon allows you to weather these storms and stay focused on your ultimate goals.
- Achieving Financial Goals: Whether it’s retirement planning, children’s education, or buying a house, long-term investing provides a structured framework to achieve your financial aspirations.
Factors to Consider When Choosing Mutual Funds for Long-Term Investment

Selecting the right mutual funds for long-term investment requires careful consideration of various factors. Here are some key aspects to evaluate:
- Investment Objective: Align the fund’s investment objective with your own financial goals and risk tolerance. Are you looking for capital appreciation, income generation, or a combination of both?
- Fund Performance: Analyze the fund’s historical performance, but remember that past performance is not indicative of future results. Look for consistent performance over a longer period (5-10 years) and compare it with its benchmark.
- Expense Ratio: The expense ratio is the annual cost of managing the fund, expressed as a percentage of the fund’s assets. A lower expense ratio can significantly impact your returns over the long term.
- Fund Manager’s Expertise: Research the fund manager’s experience and track record. A skilled fund manager can navigate market complexities and deliver superior returns.
- Fund Size: Consider the fund’s asset under management (AUM). A very large AUM might hinder the fund’s ability to generate alpha, while a very small AUM might raise concerns about its viability.
- Risk Factors: Understand the fund’s risk profile, as indicated by its beta and standard deviation. Choose a fund that aligns with your risk tolerance.
- Portfolio Diversification: Ensure the fund has a well-diversified portfolio across different sectors and market capitalizations.
- Exit Load: Check the exit load, which is the fee charged when you redeem your units. Choose funds with minimal or no exit load, especially for long-term investments.
Categories of Mutual Funds Suitable for Long-Term Investment

Several categories of mutual funds are well-suited for long-term investment in the Indian context:

Equity Mutual Funds

Equity mutual funds invest primarily in stocks and offer the potential for higher returns. However, they also carry higher risk. Different types of equity funds cater to varying risk profiles:
- Large-Cap Funds: Invest in the top 100 companies by market capitalization listed on the NSE and BSE. These funds offer stability and relatively lower risk compared to mid-cap and small-cap funds.
- Mid-Cap Funds: Invest in companies ranked 101-250 by market capitalization. These funds offer higher growth potential than large-cap funds but also carry higher risk.
- Small-Cap Funds: Invest in companies ranked 251 onwards by market capitalization. These funds offer the highest growth potential but also carry the highest risk.
- Multi-Cap Funds: Invest across market capitalizations, providing diversification and potentially higher returns.
- Sectoral Funds: Invest in specific sectors, such as technology, banking, or healthcare. These funds are riskier due to their concentrated exposure.
- ELSS (Equity Linked Savings Scheme): These funds offer tax benefits under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act, making them a popular choice for tax-saving and long-term wealth creation.
Debt Mutual Funds

Debt mutual funds invest primarily in fixed-income securities, such as government bonds, corporate bonds, and treasury bills. They offer lower risk and more stable returns compared to equity funds. While generally not considered for aggressive long-term growth, they can provide stability to a diversified portfolio. Some specific debt fund categories include:
- Corporate Bond Funds: Invest primarily in high-rated corporate bonds, offering relatively higher returns compared to other debt funds.
- Gilt Funds: Invest in government securities, offering high credit quality but potentially lower returns.
Hybrid Mutual Funds

Hybrid mutual funds invest in a mix of equity and debt instruments, offering a balance between risk and return. They are suitable for investors seeking moderate growth with a degree of stability.
- Aggressive Hybrid Funds: Invest a higher proportion of their assets in equity, offering higher growth potential with moderate risk.
- Conservative Hybrid Funds: Invest a higher proportion of their assets in debt, offering lower risk with moderate growth potential.
- Balanced Advantage Funds: Dynamically adjust their equity and debt allocation based on market conditions, aiming to provide optimal returns while managing risk.
Examples of Top Performing Mutual Funds in India (Illustrative)

While providing specific fund names is against ethical guidelines (as recommendations can be misleading and quickly outdated), it is crucial to do thorough research on the performance of various mutual funds. Here are some general characteristics to look for in top-performing funds across different categories:
- Consistent Outperformance: Funds that consistently outperform their benchmark index and peers over a long period (e.g., 5-10 years).
- Strong Risk-Adjusted Returns: Funds that deliver superior returns relative to the level of risk they take (measured by Sharpe Ratio or Treynor Ratio).
- Experienced Fund Management: Funds managed by experienced and well-regarded fund managers with a proven track record.
- Low Expense Ratio: Funds with a relatively low expense ratio compared to their peers.
Instead of providing specific fund names, consider using resources like Value Research, Morningstar India, and Crisil to analyze the performance of different mutual funds based on your specific criteria and risk tolerance. Always consult with a qualified financial advisor before making any investment decisions. Remember, due diligence is critical to finding the best options for your individual investment needs and goals.

Consider funds that focus on sustainable and responsible investing, also known as Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investing. These funds invest in companies with strong ESG practices, which can contribute to long-term value creation.

Beyond Mutual Funds: Other Long-Term Investment Options in India

While mutual funds are a popular choice, other investment options can complement your portfolio for long-term financial planning:
- Public Provident Fund (PPF): A government-backed savings scheme offering tax benefits and guaranteed returns. It’s a safe and reliable option for long-term debt investment.
- National Pension System (NPS): A retirement savings scheme offering tax benefits and flexible investment options. It allows you to allocate your investments across equity, debt, and alternative assets.
- Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs): Government-issued bonds linked to the price of gold. They offer a safe and convenient way to invest in gold without the hassle of physical gold ownership.
- Real Estate: Investing in property can provide long-term capital appreciation and rental income. However, it requires significant capital and careful due diligence.
- Direct Equity: Investing directly in stocks can offer higher returns, but it also requires significant knowledge, time, and risk management skills.
Conclusion: Building a Solid Financial Future with Long-Term Investing

Long-term investing in mutual funds offers a powerful avenue for wealth creation and achieving your financial goals. By understanding your risk tolerance, investment objectives, and the various factors to consider when choosing funds, you can build a diversified portfolio that aligns with your needs. Remember to stay disciplined, avoid impulsive decisions, and regularly review your portfolio to ensure it remains aligned with your long-term objectives. Supplement your mutual fund investments with other suitable options like PPF and NPS. By taking a long-term perspective and making informed decisions, you can pave the way for a secure and prosperous financial future.
November 12, 2025
Master the Market: Best Technical Analysis Tools in Your Trading App
Unlock trading success with the best technical analysis tools in trading app! Learn to analyze charts, identify trends, and make informed decisions in the India

Unlock trading success with the best technical analysis tools in trading app! Learn to analyze charts, identify trends, and make informed decisions in the Indian stock market (NSE, BSE) with our guide to indicators, patterns & more!

Master the Market: Best Technical Analysis Tools in Your Trading App

Introduction: Level Up Your Trading Game

The Indian equity market, with its dynamic fluctuations and opportunities, presents both excitement and challenges for investors. Whether you’re a seasoned trader navigating the NSE and BSE or a newcomer dipping your toes into the world of SIPs and mutual funds, having the right tools at your disposal is crucial. While fundamental analysis focuses on the intrinsic value of a company, technical analysis dives into the price charts and trading volume to predict future price movements. Thankfully, modern trading apps offer a wealth of technical analysis tools right at your fingertips, empowering you to make data-driven decisions and potentially enhance your returns.

In this guide, we’ll explore the most valuable technical analysis tools available in trading apps, providing you with the knowledge to interpret signals, identify trends, and execute profitable trades. Remember, no tool guarantees profits, and a diversified approach with sound risk management is always recommended.

Understanding the Basics of Technical Analysis

Before diving into specific tools, it’s important to grasp the core principles of technical analysis:
- Price Action is Key: Technical analysts believe that all information is reflected in the price. They focus on price movements rather than trying to understand the underlying reasons behind them.
- Trends Exist: Prices tend to move in trends, which can be upward (uptrend), downward (downtrend), or sideways (ranging). Identifying and trading with the trend is a fundamental strategy.
- History Repeats Itself: Chart patterns and indicators often repeat themselves, allowing analysts to identify potential trading opportunities based on past performance.
Essential Technical Analysis Tools in Your Trading App

Your trading app is a treasure trove of analytical power. Here’s a breakdown of the tools you should familiarize yourself with:

1. Chart Types: Visualizing Price Movements

Different chart types offer different perspectives on price data. Understanding these nuances is crucial for effective analysis:
- Line Charts: The simplest type, connecting closing prices over a period. Useful for identifying overall trends but lacks detailed information.
- Bar Charts: Display the open, high, low, and close prices for a specific period. Provide more information than line charts but can be cluttered.
- Candlestick Charts: The most popular chart type, visually representing price movements. The “body” shows the difference between the open and close prices, while “wicks” or “shadows” indicate the high and low prices. Different candlestick patterns can signal potential reversals or continuations of trends. For example, a “Doji” (where open and close are nearly the same) often indicates indecision in the market.
- Heikin-Ashi Charts: A modified candlestick chart that smooths out price data to better visualize trends. Heikin-Ashi charts can help filter out noise and identify trend reversals more easily.
2. Trendlines: Identifying the Direction

Trendlines are diagonal lines drawn on a chart to connect a series of highs (for downtrends) or lows (for uptrends). They help identify the prevailing trend and potential support or resistance levels.
- Uptrend Line: Drawn connecting a series of higher lows. A break below the uptrend line may signal a trend reversal.
- Downtrend Line: Drawn connecting a series of lower highs. A break above the downtrend line may signal a trend reversal.
3. Support and Resistance Levels: Finding Areas of Price Reversal

Support and resistance levels are price levels where the price has previously struggled to break through. Support is a price level where buying pressure is strong enough to prevent the price from falling further. Resistance is a price level where selling pressure is strong enough to prevent the price from rising further. These levels can be used to identify potential entry and exit points.

4. Moving Averages (MA): Smoothing Out Price Data

Moving averages smooth out price fluctuations by calculating the average price over a specific period. They help identify trends and potential support and resistance levels. Common types include:
- Simple Moving Average (SMA): Calculates the average price over a specified period.
- Exponential Moving Average (EMA): Gives more weight to recent prices, making it more responsive to recent price changes.
Popular strategies involve using crossovers of different moving averages (e.g., a shorter-term MA crossing above a longer-term MA signaling a buy signal) and using MAs as dynamic support and resistance levels.

5. Relative Strength Index (RSI): Measuring Momentum

The RSI is a momentum oscillator that measures the speed and change of price movements. It ranges from 0 to 100. Values above 70 are considered overbought, suggesting the price may be due for a pullback. Values below 30 are considered oversold, suggesting the price may be due for a bounce.

6. Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD): Identifying Trend Changes

The MACD is another momentum indicator that shows the relationship between two moving averages of prices. It consists of the MACD line, the signal line, and a histogram. Crossovers of the MACD line and the signal line can generate buy or sell signals. Divergence between the MACD and the price can also signal potential trend reversals.

7. Fibonacci Retracements: Predicting Potential Support and Resistance

Fibonacci retracement levels are horizontal lines that indicate potential support and resistance levels based on Fibonacci ratios (23.6%, 38.2%, 50%, 61.8%, and 100%). They are drawn by identifying a significant high and low point on a chart and then drawing horizontal lines at the Fibonacci ratios between those two points. Traders often use these levels to identify potential entry and exit points.

8. Volume Analysis: Confirming Price Movements

Volume represents the number of shares traded during a specific period. Analyzing volume can provide valuable insights into the strength of a trend. Increasing volume during an uptrend confirms the trend, while decreasing volume may suggest the trend is weakening. High volume during a breakout above a resistance level confirms the breakout.

9. Bollinger Bands: Gauging Volatility

Bollinger Bands consist of a middle band (typically a 20-day moving average) and two outer bands that are a certain number of standard deviations away from the middle band. The bands widen during periods of high volatility and narrow during periods of low volatility. Prices tend to stay within the bands, and breakouts above or below the bands can signal potential trend changes.

10. Chart Patterns: Recognizing Recurring Formations

Chart patterns are visual formations on a chart that can provide clues about future price movements. Some common patterns include:
- Head and Shoulders: A reversal pattern that signals the end of an uptrend.
- Inverse Head and Shoulders: A reversal pattern that signals the end of a downtrend.
- Double Top/Bottom: Reversal patterns that signal the end of an uptrend or downtrend, respectively.
- Triangles (Ascending, Descending, Symmetrical): Continuation patterns that suggest the trend will continue in the same direction.
- Flags and Pennants: Short-term continuation patterns that occur during strong trends.
Integrating Technical Analysis Tools into Your Trading Strategy

The real power of technical analysis lies in combining multiple tools to confirm signals and increase the probability of success. Here’s how you can integrate these tools into your trading strategy:
- Identify the Trend: Use trendlines and moving averages to determine the prevailing trend.
- Find Potential Entry Points: Look for support levels, Fibonacci retracements, or chart patterns that suggest a potential entry point.
- Confirm Your Signal: Use momentum indicators like RSI and MACD to confirm the strength of the signal.
- Set Stop-Loss Orders: Protect your capital by placing stop-loss orders at a level that limits your potential losses. Consider placing stop-loss orders below support levels or below the low of a recent candlestick.
- Set Profit Targets: Determine your profit target based on resistance levels, Fibonacci extensions, or chart pattern projections.
- Manage Your Risk: Never risk more than you can afford to lose on a single trade. A common rule of thumb is to risk no more than 1-2% of your trading capital on any one trade.
Remember to backtest your strategies on historical data to assess their effectiveness. Most trading apps offer backtesting features.

Risk Management and Responsible Investing

While technical analysis can significantly enhance your trading skills, it’s crucial to remember that it’s not a foolproof system. No single indicator or pattern guarantees profits. Always prioritize risk management and responsible investing:
- Diversification: Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. Diversify your investments across different asset classes and sectors. Consider investing in ELSS funds for tax savings under Section 80C or exploring NPS for retirement planning.
- Stop-Loss Orders: Always use stop-loss orders to limit your potential losses.
- Position Sizing: Carefully calculate your position size to ensure that you’re not risking too much capital on any one trade.
- Emotional Control: Avoid making impulsive decisions based on fear or greed. Stick to your trading plan and manage your emotions.
- Continuous Learning: The market is constantly evolving. Stay up-to-date with the latest trends and techniques by reading books, attending seminars, and following reputable financial analysts.
The Future of Technical Analysis in Trading Apps

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) is transforming the landscape of technical analysis. AI-powered trading apps can now analyze vast amounts of data in real-time, identify complex patterns, and generate trading signals with greater accuracy. As these technologies continue to evolve, they will likely become even more integral to the trading process.

Whether you are investing in equity markets directly or through mutual funds or PPF, having the right tools can significantly increase your potential for success. Keep learning, keep practicing, and always remember to invest responsibly.
November 12, 2025
Find the App with Lowest AMC for Your Demat Account
Looking for an affordable Demat account? Our guide explores the best stock trading apps in India with the lowest AMC for Demat accounts, helping you save money

Looking for an affordable Demat account? Our guide explores the best stock trading apps in India with the lowest AMC for Demat accounts, helping you save money on your investments. Start comparing now!

Find the App with Lowest AMC for Your Demat Account

Introduction: Demat Accounts and Their Importance

In today’s digital age, investing in the Indian stock market has become more accessible than ever before. Central to this accessibility is the Demat account, short for Dematerialized Account. This account holds your shares and securities in electronic form, making trading seamless and efficient. Think of it as a digital locker for your investments, allowing you to buy and sell shares on exchanges like the NSE (National Stock Exchange) and BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) without the hassle of physical certificates.

Opening a Demat account is the first step towards investing in the Indian equity markets, mutual funds, and other securities. Regulations set by SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) ensure the safety and integrity of these accounts, protecting investors’ interests. With the rise of online brokers and investment platforms, choosing the right Demat account can feel overwhelming. One key factor to consider is the Annual Maintenance Charge (AMC).

Understanding Annual Maintenance Charges (AMC)

AMC is a recurring fee levied by Depository Participants (DPs) for maintaining your Demat account. Think of it as a service charge for keeping your digital locker safe and functioning. This fee covers the operational costs of maintaining your account, providing transaction statements, and ensuring the security of your holdings. AMC structures can vary significantly between different DPs, making it crucial to compare before opening an account. Some DPs offer zero AMC for the first year or even for a lifetime, while others charge a fixed annual fee or a percentage of your portfolio value.

The AMC is typically charged annually, though some DPs may offer monthly or quarterly payment options. It’s essential to understand the specific terms and conditions of your Demat account agreement to avoid any surprises. Late payment of AMC can result in penalties or even the freezing of your account.

Why AMC Matters to Investors

While AMC may seem like a small amount, it can add up over time, especially for long-term investors. For individuals with smaller portfolios or those just starting their investment journey, minimizing these charges can significantly impact overall returns. Choosing an app with the lowest AMC for demat account can translate into substantial savings over the long run, allowing you to reinvest those funds and potentially accelerate your wealth-building efforts.

Furthermore, understanding the AMC structure allows you to budget effectively for your investment expenses. By knowing the exact cost of maintaining your Demat account, you can make informed decisions about your investment strategy and ensure that your returns are not eroded by excessive fees.

Factors to Consider Beyond AMC

While finding an app with the lowest AMC for demat account is important, it shouldn’t be the only factor guiding your decision. Consider these other crucial aspects:

1. Brokerage Charges:

These are the fees charged for each transaction you make – buying or selling shares. Brokerage models vary, with some brokers offering flat-fee pricing and others charging a percentage of the transaction value. Compare brokerage charges across different platforms to find the most cost-effective option for your trading style.

2. Platform Usability and Features:

A user-friendly platform with robust features can significantly enhance your investing experience. Look for apps with intuitive interfaces, advanced charting tools, real-time market data, and seamless order execution. A well-designed platform can save you time and effort, allowing you to focus on making informed investment decisions.

3. Customer Support:

Reliable customer support is essential, especially when dealing with financial matters. Choose a broker that offers multiple channels of communication, such as phone, email, and live chat. Prompt and helpful customer support can resolve any issues you may encounter and provide valuable assistance with your investments.

4. Research and Analysis Tools:

Access to quality research and analysis tools can empower you to make better investment decisions. Look for platforms that offer detailed company profiles, financial statements, analyst reports, and market insights. These resources can help you identify promising investment opportunities and assess the risks involved.

5. Security:

Security is paramount when it comes to your investments. Ensure that the broker you choose has robust security measures in place to protect your personal and financial information. Look for features such as two-factor authentication, data encryption, and regular security audits.

Popular Investment Options in India and Demat Account Usage

A Demat account is not just for investing in equity markets. It also facilitates investments in various other instruments popular amongst Indian investors:
- Mutual Funds: You can invest in various mutual funds (equity, debt, hybrid) through your Demat account, either through lump-sum investments or Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs).
- Initial Public Offerings (IPOs): Applying for IPOs is easily facilitated through your Demat account, allowing you to participate in the growth of emerging companies.
- Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): ETFs that track indices like Nifty 50 or specific sectors are traded like stocks through your Demat account.
- Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs): These government-backed gold bonds are held in Demat form, offering a safe and convenient way to invest in gold.
- Corporate Bonds: Demat accounts allow you to invest in corporate bonds, offering fixed income opportunities.
Tax Implications and Demat Account

Understanding the tax implications of your investments made through your Demat account is crucial. Different investment options attract different tax liabilities. For example:
- Equity Investments: Short-term capital gains (STCG) on equity investments held for less than a year are taxed at 15%. Long-term capital gains (LTCG) exceeding ₹1 lakh in a financial year are taxed at 10%.
- Debt Investments: Gains from debt mutual funds and bonds are taxed according to your income tax slab.
- ELSS (Equity Linked Savings Scheme): These are tax-saving mutual funds that qualify for deductions under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.
Consulting a financial advisor is recommended to understand the tax implications specific to your investment portfolio.

Alternative Investment Options and Their Relationship to Demat Accounts

While traditional investments like equity and mutual funds are common, consider these alternative options:
- Public Provident Fund (PPF): A popular long-term savings scheme offering tax benefits and a guaranteed return. While PPF doesn’t directly involve a Demat account, understanding its benefits can complement your Demat-based investments.
- National Pension System (NPS): A retirement savings scheme allowing you to invest in a mix of equity and debt. Your NPS account can be linked to a Demat account for seamless management of your investments.
- Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs): REITs invest in income-generating real estate properties and are traded on stock exchanges through your Demat account.
Tips for Choosing the Right Demat Account

Here’s a checklist to help you make an informed decision:
- Compare AMC and brokerage charges: Evaluate the overall cost structure of different brokers.
- Assess platform usability: Choose a platform that is easy to navigate and offers the features you need.
- Check customer support: Ensure that the broker provides reliable and responsive customer support.
- Consider research tools: Look for platforms that offer comprehensive research and analysis tools.
- Prioritize security: Choose a broker with robust security measures in place.
- Read reviews and compare ratings: Check online reviews and compare ratings of different brokers before making a decision.
Conclusion: Making Informed Investment Decisions

Choosing the right Demat account is a crucial step towards achieving your financial goals. While finding the app with lowest amc for demat account is a key consideration, remember to evaluate other factors such as brokerage charges, platform usability, customer support, and security. By carefully comparing different options and considering your individual investment needs, you can make an informed decision and embark on a successful investment journey in the Indian financial markets. Always remember to stay informed about market trends, regulations, and investment strategies to maximize your returns and manage your risks effectively.
November 12, 2025